If your boiler was working OK before you drained down, and the hardware hasn't been altered, then you can rule out much of what has been suggested in relation to the immediate problem of the boiler stopping and starting due to pipe configuration, pump fitting, etc.
Unless there is a good explanation why just one radiator was full of sludge, you can safely assume that the rest of the system is also sludged up too.
If I was you, I would put some X400 (or similar cleaner) in, and run it for a week, and then powerflush the system. HSS have an offer on at the moment, and you can hire a powerflush machine for 50 pounds. Clean out the header-tank too.
If muck is causing a restriction in the heat-exchanger, or elswhere, your boiler will close down to protect itself.
If that doesn't fix things, the power flush will be money well invested anyway - a clean system is an efficient system. If it was me, I would also fit a filter at the same time, if there isn't one already that is.
In the event that the boiler still cuts out, then call in a GSR.
If the powerflush fixes things, you can check for pumping over by monitoring the temperature of the water in the header tank when the system is running. If it is pumping over and causing accelerated sludgeing, then get a plumber to advise on modifying the pipe work.